In recent years, we have seen a prevailing belief that there are more Autistic individuals in Australia than ever before. This assumption is fuelled by a number of factors, including increased awareness, changes in diagnostic criteria, and evolving societal attitudes toward neurodiversity.

But the truth is, autism is not new—far from it.

One of the earliest well-documented cases often associated with autism is that of Scotsman Hugh Blair of Borgue (1708–1765), who was described as having “many eccentricities.” Modern writers have speculated that historical records of Hugh Blair may align with what we would now recognise as characteristics consistent with autism spectrum disorder.

In 1766, natural philosopher Henry Cavendish was described by contemporaries as “peculiarly shy” and known for his eccentric behaviours. While researching Cavendish in 2001, neurologist Oliver Sacks suggested that the evidence for an autism diagnosis was almost overwhelming.

There are many other fascinating historical examples where individuals who may now be identified as Autistic were likely overlooked or mislabelled with other conditions. It was not until the latter part of the 20th century that autism began to be defined in the way we understand it today.

So, what has changed?

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnostic criteria for autism have undergone significant evolution over time. As our understanding has deepened, guidelines have been broadened to reflect a wider range of behaviours, traits, and lived experiences.

This expansion has led to more accurate identification and diagnosis, contributing to the perception of increased prevalence. While there is ongoing and often passionate debate about the diagnostic process, the fact that such debate exists at all reflects how far our collective understanding has progressed.

Increased Awareness

Advocacy efforts have played a pivotal role in bringing autistic life into public consciousness. Campaigns that promote acceptance and understanding of neurodiversity have encouraged more individuals to seek assessment and diagnosis, either for themselves or for their children.

This heightened awareness does not necessarily point to a rise in autism itself, but rather to a greater willingness to recognise and respond to neurodevelopmental differences that have always been present.

Research and Services

Advances in research and medical technology have enabled earlier detection, diagnosis, and intervention. Improved screening tools and professional training allow healthcare providers and educators to identify signs of autism at younger ages, opening the door to timely and meaningful support.

Early intervention has been shown to improve outcomes for many individuals, particularly when paired with appropriate educational and therapeutic services. The increased availability and accessibility of these supports has also encouraged more people to seek a formal diagnosis.

Alongside this, the growth of the social model of disability—shaped by academics, advocates, and Autistic voices—has expanded the conversation beyond a purely medical framework. This perspective highlights the role of societal structures and attitudes in shaping lived experience, not just individual differences.

Societal Shifts

While there is still significant work to be done, there has been a noticeable shift in how society views neurodiversity. As awareness increases, stigma begins to diminish, and support systems become more visible and more accessible.

This growing openness allows more individuals to feel safe disclosing their neurodivergent identities. Increased visibility does not mean autism is suddenly more common; it reflects a broader acceptance and recognition of neurodiversity within our communities.

Each day I dedicate my work to empowering neurodivergent individuals, and I am grateful not to have lived in the era of Hugh Blair. Despite the progress we have made in awareness, diagnosis, and understanding, I still witness individuals who display similar traits being misunderstood, bullied, or isolated.

I believe the next major advancement will come through a deeper systemic and societal shift—one that challenges the dominance of the neurotypical model and reconsiders the frameworks we all live and operate within.

With continued education, training, and genuine understanding of what it means to be neurodivergent, I am confident we will move toward a community that truly values and respects the unique strengths and differences of neurodiverse people.

By Kylie Gardner
The A List